Mathematical proof - μˆ˜ν•™μ  증λͺ…

(β€œμ¦λͺ… Mathematical Proof” 2024)

A mathematical proof is a deductive argument for a mathematical statement, showing that the stated assumptions logically guarantee the conclusion. The argument may use other previously established statements, such as theorems; but every proof can, in principle, be constructed using only certain basic or original assumptions known as axioms, along with the accepted rules of inference. Proofs are examples of exhaustive deductive reasoning which establish logical certainty, to be distinguished from empirical arguments or non-exhaustive inductive reasoning which establish "reasonable expectation". Presenting many cases in which the statement holds is not enough for a proof, which must demonstrate that the statement is true in all possible cases. A proposition that has not been proved but is believed to be true is known as a conjecture, or a hypothesis if frequently used as an assumption for further mathematical work. Proofs employ logic expressed in mathematical symbols, along with natural language which usually admits some ambiguity. In most mathematical literature, proofs are written in terms of rigorous informal logic. Purely formal proofs, written fully in symbolic language without the involvement of natural language, are considered in proof theory. The distinction between formal and informal proofs has led to much examination of current and historical mathematical practice, quasi-empiricism in mathematics, and so-called folk mathematics, oral traditions in the mainstream mathematical community or in other cultures. The philosophy of mathematics is concerned with the role of language and logic in proofs, and mathematics as a language.

  • 2024λ…„ "증λͺ… μˆ˜ν•™μ  증λͺ…"

    μˆ˜ν•™μ  증λͺ…은 μˆ˜ν•™μ  μ§„μˆ μ— λŒ€ν•œ 연역적 λ…Όμ¦μœΌλ‘œ, μ§„μˆ λœ 가정이 λ…Όλ¦¬μ μœΌλ‘œ 결둠을 보μž₯ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€. 논증은 정리와 같이 이전에 ν™•λ¦½λœ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ§„μˆ μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ, μ›μΉ™μ μœΌλ‘œ λͺ¨λ“  증λͺ…은 곡리라고 μ•Œλ €μ§„ νŠΉμ • κΈ°λ³Έ κ°€μ • λ˜λŠ” μ›λž˜ κ°€μ •κ³Ό ν—ˆμš©λœ μΆ”λ‘  κ·œμΉ™λ§Œμ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ ꡬ성될 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 증λͺ…은 논리적 확싀성을 ν™•λ¦½ν•˜λŠ” μ² μ €ν•œ 연역적 μΆ”λ‘ μ˜ μ˜ˆλ‘œμ„œ, κ²½ν—˜μ  λ…Όμ¦μ΄λ‚˜ '합리적인 κΈ°λŒ€'λ₯Ό ν™•λ¦½ν•˜λŠ” λΉ„μ™„μ „ν•œ 귀납적 μΆ”λ‘ κ³Ό κ΅¬λ³„λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λͺ…μ œκ°€ μ„±λ¦½ν•˜λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬ 사둀λ₯Ό μ œμ‹œν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒλ§ŒμœΌλ‘œλŠ” 증λͺ…에 μΆ©λΆ„ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©°, κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ λͺ¨λ“  κ²½μš°μ— ν•΄λ‹Ή λͺ…μ œκ°€ μ°Έμž„μ„ μž…μ¦ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 증λͺ…λ˜μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ•˜μ§€λ§Œ 참이라고 λ―Ώμ–΄μ§€λŠ” λͺ…μ œλ₯Ό 좔츑이라고 ν•˜λ©°, μΆ”ν›„ μˆ˜ν•™μ  μž‘μ—…μ„ μœ„ν•œ κ°€μ •μœΌλ‘œ 자주 μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ” 경우 가섀이라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 증λͺ…은 μˆ˜ν•™μ  기호둜 ν‘œν˜„λœ 논리와 ν•¨κ»˜ 일반적으둜 λͺ¨ν˜Έμ„±μ„ μΈμ •ν•˜λŠ” μžμ—°μ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μˆ˜ν•™ λ¬Έν—Œμ—μ„œ 증λͺ…은 μ—„κ²©ν•œ 비곡식 λ…Όλ¦¬λ‘œ μž‘μ„±λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μžμ—° μ–Έμ–΄μ˜ κ°œμž… 없이 기호 μ–Έμ–΄λ‘œ μ™„μ „νžˆ μž‘μ„±λœ 순수 ν˜•μ‹ 증λͺ…을 증λͺ… μ΄λ‘ μ—μ„œ κ³ λ €ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 곡식 증λͺ…κ³Ό 비곡식 증λͺ…μ˜ κ΅¬λΆ„μœΌλ‘œ 인해 ν˜„μž¬μ™€ 과거의 μˆ˜ν•™μ  κ΄€ν–‰, μˆ˜ν•™μ˜ μ€€ κ²½ν—˜μ£Όμ˜, μ£Όλ₯˜ μˆ˜ν•™κ³„ λ˜λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ λ¬Έν™”κΆŒμ˜ ꡬ전 전톡인 μ†Œμœ„ 민속 μˆ˜ν•™μ— λŒ€ν•œ λ§Žμ€ κ²€ν† κ°€ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μˆ˜ν•™ 철학은 증λͺ…μ—μ„œ 언어와 λ…Όλ¦¬μ˜ μ—­ν• κ³Ό μ–Έμ–΄λ‘œμ„œμ˜ μˆ˜ν•™μ— κ΄€ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.

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References

β€œμ¦λͺ… Mathematical Proof.” 2024. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mathematical_proof&oldid=1247436459.