b. The relation between truth and being or reality - μ§λ¦¬μ μ‘΄μ¬ λλ νμ€ μ¬μ΄μ κ΄κ³
c. The relation of truth, goodness, and beauty - μ§μ€, μ ν¨, μλ¦λ€μμ κ΄κ³
2. The modes of truth and falsity - μ§λ¦¬μ νμμ μμ
3. The distinction between truth and falsity in the mind and in things: logical and ontological truth - λ§μ μκ³Ό μ¬λ¬Ό μμμμ μ§λ¦¬μ νμμ ꡬλ³: λ Όλ¦¬μ μ§λ¦¬μ μ‘΄μ¬λ‘ μ μ§λ¦¬
a. The distinction between truth of statement and truth of signification: the distinc- tion between real and verbal truth - μ§μ μ μ§λ¦¬μ μλ―Έμ μ§λ¦¬μ ꡬλ³: μ€μ¬μ μ§λ¦¬μ μΈμ΄μ μ§λ¦¬μ ꡬλ³
c. The comparison of human and divine truth: finite truths and the infinite truth - μΈκ°μ μ§λ¦¬μ μ μ±ν μ§λ¦¬μ λΉκ΅: μ νν μ§λ¦¬μ 무νν μ§λ¦¬
d. The distinction between truth and probability: its relation to the distinction be- tween knowledge and opinion - μ§μ€κ³Ό νλ₯ μ ꡬλΆ: μ§μκ³Ό μ견μ ꡬλΆκ³Όμ κ΄κ³
4. Truth and error in relation to human knowing and learning - μΈκ°μ μΈμκ³Ό νμ΅μ κ΄ν μ§λ¦¬μ μ€λ₯
a. Truth in the apprehensions of the sensitive faculty - λ―Όκ°ν κ°κ° κΈ°κ΄μ μΈμμμμ μ§λ¦¬
1) The truth of sensations: judgments of perception - κ°κ°μ μ§μ€: μ§κ°μ νλ¨
2) Truth in the memory and imagination - κΈ°μ΅κ³Ό μμ μμ μ§λ¦¬
b. Truth in the acts of the mind - λ§μμ νμ μμ μ§λ¦¬
1) The truth of ideas: concepts and definitions - μ¬μμ μ§λ¦¬: κ°λ κ³Ό μ μ
2) The truth of propositions: the special problem of judgments about future contingencies - λͺ μ μ μ§λ¦¬: λ―Έλ μ°λ° μ¬κ±΄μ λν νλ¨μ νΉλ³ν λ¬Έμ μ
3) Truth in reasoning: the truth of premises in relation to the truth of conclu- sions; logical validity and truth about reality - μΆλ‘ μμμ μ§λ¦¬: κ²°λ‘ μ μ§λ¦¬μ κ΄λ ¨λ μ μ μ μ§λ¦¬; λ Όλ¦¬μ νλΉμ±κ³Ό νμ€μ λν μ§λ¦¬
c. The principle of contradiction as the foundation of truth in judgment and in reasoning - νλ¨κ³Ό μΆλ‘ μμ μ§μ€μ κΈ°μ΄κ° λλ λͺ¨μμ μ리
d. The nature and causes of error - μ€λ₯μ λ³Έμ§κ³Ό μμΈ
2) The nature and sources of error in human perception and thought: the dis- tinction between error and ignorance - μΈκ° μΈμκ³Ό μ¬κ³ μμ μ€λ₯μ λ³Έμ§κ³Ό μμ²: μ€λ₯μ 무μ§μ ꡬλ³
5. Comparison of the various disciplines with respect to truth - μ§λ¦¬μ κ΄ν λ€μν νλ¬Έ λΆμΌμ λΉκ΅
a. Truth in science and religion: the truth of reason and the truth of faith - κ³Όνκ³Ό μ’ κ΅μμμ μ§λ¦¬: μ΄μ±μ μ§λ¦¬μ μ μμ μ§λ¦¬
b. Truth in science and poetry: the truth of fact and the truth of fiction - κ³Όνκ³Ό μμμμ μ§λ¦¬: μ¬μ€μ μ§λ¦¬μ νꡬμ μ§λ¦¬
c. Truth in metaphysics, mathematics, and the empirical sciences: the truth of prin- ciples, hypotheses, and conclusions in the several speculative disciplines - νμ΄μν, μν, κ²½νκ³Όνμμμ μ§λ¦¬: μ¬λ¬ μ¬λ³μ νλ¬Έμμ μ리, κ°μ€, κ²°λ‘ μ μ§λ¦¬
d. Truth and probability in rhetoric and dialectic - μμ¬νκ³Ό λ³μ¦λ²μμμ μ§λ¦¬μ νλ₯
6. The eternal verities and the mutability of truth - μμν μ§λ¦¬λ€κ³Ό μ§λ¦¬μ κ°λ³μ±
7. The accumulation or accretion of truth, and the correction of error, in the progress of human learning - μΈκ° νμ΅μ μ§λ³΄μμ μ§λ¦¬μ μΆμ λλ μ¦κ°μ μ€λ₯μ μμ
8. The skeptical denial of truth - μ§λ¦¬μ λν νμμ μΈ λΆμ
a. The impossibility of knowing the truth: the restriction of all human judgments to degrees of probability; the denial of axioms and of the possibility of demon- stration - μ§λ¦¬λ₯Ό μ μ μμ: λͺ¨λ μΈκ° νλ¨μ νλ₯ μ μ λλ‘ μ νν¨; 곡리μ μ¦λͺ μ κ°λ₯μ± λΆμ
b. The defense of truth against the skeptic - νμλ‘ μμ λ§μ μ§λ¦¬μ μνΈ
a. Prevarication and perjury: the injustice of lying or bearing false witness - μμμμ μμ¦: κ±°μ§λ§νκ±°λ κ±°μ§ μ¦μΈμ νλ λΆμ μ
b. The expediency of the political lie - μ μΉμ κ±°μ§λ§μ νΈμμ±
c. Truth in relation to love and friendship: the pleasant and the unpleasant truth - μ¬λκ³Ό μ°μ μ κ΄ν μ§λ¦¬: μ¦κ±°μ΄ μ§λ¦¬μ λΆμΎν μ§λ¦¬
d. Civil liberty as a condition for discovering the truth: freedom of thought and dis- - μ§λ¦¬λ₯Ό λ°κ²¬νκΈ° μν 쑰건μΌλ‘μμ μλ―Όμ μμ : μ¬μκ³Ό ννμ μμ
e. The love of truth and the duty to seek it: the moral distinction between the soph- ist and the philosopher; martyrdom to the truth - μ§λ¦¬μ λν μ¬λκ³Ό κ·Έκ²μ μΆκ΅¬ν μ무: κΆ€λ³κ°μ μ² νμ μ¬μ΄μ λλμ ꡬλ³; μ§λ¦¬λ₯Ό μν μκ΅