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  • [2025-04-24 Thu 22:59]

DONE Justice ์ •์˜

See also: ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฐธ์กฐ:

  • justice (percept) ์ •์˜ (์ง€๊ฐ)

Topics ์ฃผ์ œ

1. Diverse conceptions of justice - ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…

a. Justice as the interest of the stronger or conformity to the will of the sovereign - ๊ฐ•์ž์˜ ์ด์ต์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ •์˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž์˜ ์˜์ง€์—์˜ ์ˆœ์‘

b. Justice as harmony or right order in the soul: original justice - ์˜ํ˜ผ์˜ ์กฐํ™” ๋˜๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์งˆ์„œ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ •์˜: ์›์ดˆ์  ์ •์˜

c. Justice as a moral virtue directing activity in relation to others and to the com- munity: the distinction between the just man and the just act - ํƒ€์ธ ๋ฐ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ด๋„๋Š” ๋„๋•์  ๋•์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ •์˜: ์ •์˜๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ์ •์˜๋กœ์šด ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„

d. Justice as the whole of virtue and as a particular virtue: the distinction between the lawful and the fair - ๋•์˜ ์ „์ฒด๋กœ์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŠน์ • ๋•์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ •์˜: ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„

e. Justice as an act of will or duty fulfilling obligations to the common good: the harmonious action of individual wills under a universal law of freedom - ์˜๋ฌด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ •์˜, ๊ณต๋™์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ดํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„: ๋ณดํŽธ์  ์ž์œ  ๋ฒ•์น™ ์•„๋ž˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์˜์ง€๋“ค์˜ ์กฐํ™”๋กœ์šด ์ž‘์šฉ

f. Justice as a custom or moral sentiment based on considerations of utility - ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ด€์Šต ๋˜๋Š” ๋„๋•์  ๊ฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ •์˜

2. The precepts of justice: doing good, harming no one, rendering to each his own, treating equals equally - ์ •์˜์˜ ๊ต๋ฆฌ: ์„ ์„ ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ผ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ชซ์„ ๋Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๊ณ , ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ์ž๋ฅผ ๋™๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์šฐํ•จ

3. The duties of justice compared with the generosity of love and friendship - ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๊ณผ ์šฐ์ •์˜ ๊ด€๋Œ€ํ•จ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ์ •์˜์˜ ์˜๋ฌด๋“ค

4. The comparison of justice and expediency: the choice between doing and suffering injustice; the relation of justice to happiness - ์ •์˜์™€ ํŽธ์˜์˜ ๋น„๊ต: ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•จ์„ ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์„ ํƒ; ์ •์˜์™€ ํ–‰๋ณต์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„

5. Justice and equality: the kinds of justice in relation to the measure and modes of equality and inequality - ์ •์˜์™€ ํ‰๋“ฑ: ํ‰๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ์ฒ™๋„์™€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ •์˜์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜

6. Justice and liberty: the theory of human rights - ์ •์˜์™€ ์ž์œ : ์ธ๊ถŒ ์ด๋ก 

a. The relation of natural rights to natural law and natural justice - ์ž์—ฐ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ์ž์—ฐ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์ž์—ฐ ์ •์˜์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„

b. The relation between natural and positive rights, innate and acquired rights, pri- vate and public rights: their correlative duties - ์ž์—ฐ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ์‹ค์ •๊ถŒ, ์„ ์ฒœ์  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ›„์ฒœ์  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ, ์‚ฌ์  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ณต์  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„: ๊ทธ์— ์ƒ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฌด๋“ค

c. The inalienability of natural rights: their violation by tyranny and despotism - ์ž์—ฐ๊ถŒ์˜ ์–‘๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ: ํญ์ •๊ณผ ์ „์ œ์ •์น˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ ์นจํ•ด

d. Justice as the basis for the distinction between liberty and license - ์ž์œ ์™€ ๋ฐฉ์ข…์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ •์˜

e. Justice and natural rights as the source of civil liberty - ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์ž์œ ์˜ ์›์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ •์˜์™€ ์ž์—ฐ๊ถŒ

7. Domestic justice: the problems of right and duty in the family - ๊ฐ€์ • ๋‚ด ์ •์˜: ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๋‚ด ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์˜๋ฌด์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค

8. Economic justice: justice in production, distribution, and exchange - ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ •์˜: ์ƒ์‚ฐ, ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ ๋ฐ ๊ตํ™˜์—์„œ์˜ ์ •์˜

a. Private and public property: the just distribution of economic goods - ์‚ฌ์œ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ์‚ฐ: ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์žฌํ™”์˜ ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ

b. Fair wages and prices: the just exchange of goods and services - ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ์ž„๊ธˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ: ์ƒํ’ˆ๊ณผ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ๊ตํ™˜

c. Justice in the organization of production - ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ์˜ ์ •์˜

1) Economic exploitation: chattel slavery and wage slavery - ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ฐฉ์ทจ: ์žฌ์‚ฐ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ์ œ์™€ ์ž„๊ธˆ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ์ œ
2) Profit and unearned increment - ์ด์ต๊ณผ ๋ฌด์ˆ˜์ต ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ถ„

d. Justice and the use of money: usury and interest rates - ์ •์˜์™€ ํ™”ํ ์‚ฌ์šฉ: ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋Œ€๊ธˆ๊ณผ ์ด์ž์œจ

9. Political justice: justice in government - ์ •์น˜์  ์ •์˜: ์ •๋ถ€ ๋‚ด ์ •์˜

a. The natural and the conventional in political justice: natural law and the general will - ์ •์น˜์  ์ •์˜์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€์Šต: ์ž์—ฐ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์˜์ง€

b. Justice as the moral principle of political organization: the bond of men in states - ์ •์น˜ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๋„๋• ์›๋ฆฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ •์˜: ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์˜ ์œ ๋Œ€

c. The criteria of justice in various forms of government and diverse constitutions - ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์—์„œ์˜ ์ •์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€

d. The relation of ruler and ruled: the justice of the prince or statesman and of the subject or citizen - ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ž์™€ ํ”ผ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ž์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„: ๊ตฐ์ฃผ ๋˜๋Š” ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€์™€ ์‹ ํ•˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ •์˜

e. The just distribution of honors, ranks, offices, suffrage - ๋ช…์˜ˆ, ๊ณ„๊ธ‰, ๊ด€์ง, ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ

f. Justice between states: the problem of right and might in the making of war and peace - ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •์˜: ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ํ‰ํ™” ํ˜•์„ฑ์—์„œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ํž˜์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

g. The tempering of political justice by clemency: amnesty, asylum, and pardon - ๊ด€์šฉ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ •์น˜์  ์ •์˜์˜ ์™„ํ™”: ์‚ฌ๋ฉด, ๋ง๋ช…, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฉ์„œ

1.. Justice and law ์ •์˜์™€ ๋ฒ•

a. The measure of justice in laws made by the state: natural and constitutional standards - ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ •ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ์ •์˜์˜ ์ฒ™๋„: ์ž์—ฐ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์  ๊ธฐ์ค€

b. The legality of unjust laws: the extent of obedience required of the just man in the unjust society - ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์„ฑ: ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์ •์˜๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋ณต์ข…์˜ ์ •๋„

c. The justice of punishment for unjust acts: the distinction between retribution and vengeance - ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์˜ ์ •์˜: ๋ณด๋ณต๊ณผ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„

1.. Divine justice: the relation of God or the gods to man - ์‹ ์„ฑํ•œ ์ •์˜: ์‹  ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ ๋“ค์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋งบ๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„

a. The divine government of man: the justice and mercy of God or the gods - ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹ ์„ฑํ•œ ํ†ต์น˜: ์‹  ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ •์˜์™€ ์ž๋น„

b. Manโ€™s debt to God or the gods: the religious acts of piety and worship - ์‹  ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋นš: ๊ฒฝ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฐ์˜ ์ข…๊ต์  ํ–‰์œ„๋“ค