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  • [2025-04-24 Thu 23:02]

DONE Law ๋ฒ•

  • Law - Link ๋ฒ• - ๋งํฌ

Topics ์ฃผ์ œ

1. The definition of law - ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ •์˜

a. The end of law: peace, order, and the common good - ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ข…๋ง: ํ‰ํ™”, ์งˆ์„œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณต๋™์„ 

b. Law in relation to reason or will - ์ด์„ฑ ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์ง€์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ 

c. The authority and power needed for making law - ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ถŒํ•œ๊ณผ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ

d. The promulgation of law: the need and the manner of its declaration - ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ณตํฌ: ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ณตํฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹

2. The major kinds of law: comparison of human, natural, and divine law; comparison of natural and positive, innate and acquired, private and public, abstract and civil rights - ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜: ์ธ๊ฐ„๋ฒ•, ์ž์—ฐ๋ฒ•, ์‹ ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋น„๊ต; ์ž์—ฐ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์‹ค์ •๋ฒ•, ์„ ์ฒœ์  ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ํ›„์ฒœ์  ๋ฒ•, ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ณต๋ฒ•, ์ถ”์ƒ์  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋น„๊ต

3. The divine law ์‹ ๋ฒ•

a. The eternal law in the divine government of the universe: the law in the nature of all creatures - ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์‹ ์  ํ†ต์น˜์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ์˜์›ํ•œ ๋ฒ•: ๋ชจ๋“  ํ”ผ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ•

1) The natural moral law as the eternal law in human nature - ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์›ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ ๋„๋•๋ฒ•
2) The distinction between the eternal law and the positive commandments of God - ์˜์›ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์‹ ์˜ ๊ธ์ •์  ๊ณ„๋ช… ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„

b. The divine positive law: the difference between the law revealed in the Old and the New Testament - ์‹ ์„ฑํ•œ ๊ธ์ •์  ์ธ ๋ฒ•์น™ : ๊ตฌ์•ฝ๊ณผ ์‹ ์•ฝ์— ๊ณ„์‹œ ๋œ ์œจ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ 

1) Law in the Old Testament: the moral, the judicial, and the ceremonial precepts of the Old Law - ๊ตฌ์•ฝ์˜ ์œจ๋ฒ•: ๊ตฌ์•ฝ ์œจ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋„๋•์ , ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์ , ์˜์‹์  ๊ทœ์ •๋“ค
2) Law in the New Testament: the law of love and grace; ceremonial precepts of the New Law - ์‹ ์•ฝ์˜ ์œจ๋ฒ•: ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๊ณผ ์€ํ˜œ์˜ ์œจ๋ฒ•; ์ƒˆ ์œจ๋ฒ•์˜ ์˜์‹์  ๊ทœ๋ก€๋“ค

4. The natural law ์ž์—ฐ๋ฒ•

a. The law of reason or the moral law: the order and habit of its principles - ์ด์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™ ๋˜๋Š” ๋„๋•๋ฒ•: ๊ทธ ์›์น™๋“ค์˜ ์งˆ์„œ์™€ ์Šต๊ด€

b. The law of men living in a state of nature - ์ž์—ฐ ์ƒํƒœ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์˜ ๋ฒ•

c. The a priori principles of innate or abstract right: universal law in the order of freedom; the objectification of the will - ์„ ํ—˜์  ์›๋ฆฌ์ธ ํƒ€๊ณ ๋‚œ ๋˜๋Š” ์ถ”์ƒ์  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ: ์ž์œ ์˜ ์งˆ์„œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณดํŽธ๋ฒ•; ์˜์ง€์˜ ๊ฐ๊ด€ํ™”

d. The natural law as underlying the precepts of virtue: its relation to the moral precepts of divine law - ๋•์˜ ๊ณ„์œจ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ๋ฒ•: ์‹ ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋„๋•์  ๊ณ„์œจ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„

e. The relation of natural law to natural rights and natural justice - ์ž์—ฐ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ž์—ฐ๊ถŒ ๋ฐ ์ž์—ฐ ์ •์˜์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„

f. The relation of natural law to civil or municipal law: the state of nature and the regulations of the civil state - ์ž์—ฐ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋ฒ• ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„: ์ž์—ฐ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ

g. The relation of natural law to the law of nations and to international law: sov- ereign states and the state of nature < - ์ž์—ฐ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„: ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ์ž์—ฐ ์ƒํƒœ <

h. The precepts of the natural law and the condition of the state of nature with respect to slavery and property - ๋…ธ์˜ˆ์™€ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ตํ›ˆ๊ณผ ์ž์—ฐ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด

5. The human or positive law: the sanction of coercive force - ์ธ๊ฐ„๋ฒ• ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ค์ •๋ฒ•: ๊ฐ•์ œ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ œ์žฌ

a. The difference between laws and decrees - ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ช…๋ น์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ 

b. The kinds or divisions of positive law - ์‹ค์ •๋ฒ•์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ถ„

c. The justice of positive law: the standards of natural law and constitutionality - ์‹ค์ •๋ฒ•์˜ ์ •์˜: ์ž์—ฐ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ํ•ฉํ—Œ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€

d. The origins of positive law in the legislative process: the function of the legislator - ์ž…๋ฒ• ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํฌ์ง€ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์›: ์ž…๋ฒ•์ž์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ

e. The mutability or variability of positive law: the maintenance or change of laws - ์‹ค์ •๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€์„ฑ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ: ๋ฒ•์˜ ์œ ์ง€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ

f. The relation of positive law to custom - ์‹ค์ •๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ด€์Šต์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„

g. The application of positive law to cases: the casuistry of the judicial process; the conduct of a trial; the administration of justice - ์‹ค์ •๋ฒ•์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ์šฉ: ์‚ฌ๋ฒ• ์ ˆ์ฐจ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ; ์žฌํŒ์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰; ์‚ฌ๋ฒ• ํ–‰์ •

h. The defect of positive law: its need for correction or dispensation by equity - ์‹ค์ •๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•จ: ํ˜•ํ‰๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ • ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฉด์ œ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ

6. Law and the individual - ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์ธ

a. Obedience to the authority and force of law: the sanctions of conscience and fear; the objective and subjective sanctions of law; law, duty, and right - ๊ถŒ์œ„์™€ ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฐ•์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณต์ข…: ์–‘์‹ฌ๊ณผ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์˜ ์ œ์žฌ; ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ œ์žฌ; ๋ฒ•, ์˜๋ฌด, ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ

b. The exemption of the sovereign person from the coercive force of law - ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฐ•์ œ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฉด์ œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ

c. The force of tyrannical, unjust, or bad laws: the right of rebellion or disobedience - ํญ๊ตฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜์œ ๋ฒ•์˜ ํž˜: ๋ฐ˜๋ž€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ณต์ข…์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ

d. The educative function of law in relation to virtue and vice: the efficacy of law as limited by virtue in the individual citizen - ๋•๊ณผ ์•…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ต์œก์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ: ๊ฐœ์ธ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋•์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œํ•œ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์˜ ํšจ๋ ฅ

e. The breach of law: crime and punishment - ๋ฒ• ์œ„๋ฐ˜: ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์™€ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ

1) The nature and causes of crime - ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ๊ณผ ์›์ธ
2) The prevention of crime - ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ
3) The punishment of crime ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ

7. Law and the state - ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€

a. The distinction between government by men and government by laws: th<nature of constitutional or political law - ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ†ต์น˜์™€ ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ†ต์น˜์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„: ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ๋˜๋Š” ์ •์น˜๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ

b. The supremacy of law as the principle of political freedom - ์ •์น˜์  ์ž์œ ์˜ ์›์น™์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ ์„ฑ

c. The priority of natural to civil law: the inviolability or inalienability of natural rights - ์ž์—ฐ๋ฒ•์ด ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋ฒ•์— ์šฐ์„ ํ•จ: ์ž์—ฐ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์นจ์„ฑ ๋˜๋Š” ์–‘๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ

d. Tyranny and treason or sedition as illegal acts: the use of force without authority - ๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํญ์ •๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์—ญ ๋˜๋Š” ์„ ๋™: ๊ถŒํ•œ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ ฅ ์‚ฌ์šฉ

e. The need for administrative discretion in matters undetermined by law: the royal prerogative - ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์—์„œ ํ–‰์ • ์žฌ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ: ์™•์‹ค ํŠน๊ถŒ