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  • [2025-04-24 Thu 23:18]

DONE Opinion ์˜๊ฒฌ

Topics ์ฃผ์ œ๋“ค

1. The different objects of knowledge and opinion: being and becoming; universal and particular; the necessary and the contingent - ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ์˜๊ฒฌ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ: ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์ƒ์„ฑ; ๋ณดํŽธ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„; ํ•„์—ฐ๊ณผ ์šฐ์—ฐ

2. The difference between the acts and sources of knowing and opining - ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ๊ณผ ์˜๊ฒฌ ์ œ์‹œ ํ–‰์œ„ ๋ฐ ๊ทผ์› ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ 

a. The influence of the emotions on the formation of opinion: wishful thinking, rationalization, prejudice - ๊ฐ์ •์ด ์˜๊ฒฌ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ: ํฌ๋ง์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ , ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌํ™”, ํŽธ๊ฒฌ

b. The will as cause of assent in acts of opinion - ๋™์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์—์„œ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์˜์ง€

c. Reasoning and argument concerning matters of opinion: comparison of demon- stration and persuasion, principles and assumptions, axioms and postulates - ์˜๊ฒฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ถ”๋ก  ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์ฆ : ์•…๋งˆ์™€ ์„ค๋“, ์›์น™๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์ •, ๊ณต๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค์˜ ๋น„๊ต

d. Reason, experience, and authority as sources of opinion - ์ด์œ , ๊ฒฝํ—˜, ๊ถŒ์œ„๋ฅผ ์˜๊ฒฌ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ์„œ

3. Opinion, knowledge, and truth - ์˜๊ฒฌ, ์ง€์‹, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง„๋ฆฌ

a. The truth of knowledge and of right opinion: their difference with respect to manner of acquisition, stability, and teachability - ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์˜๊ฒฌ์˜ ์ง„๋ฆฌ: ์Šต๋“ ๋ฐฉ์‹, ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด

b. Certain and probable, adequate and inadequate knowledge: degrees of certitude; modes of assent - ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์—ฐ์ ์ธ, ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ง€์‹: ํ™•์‹ ์˜ ์ •๋„; ๋™์˜์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹

c. The skeptical reduction of human judgments to opinion - ์ธ๊ฐ„ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ์˜๊ฒฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ™˜์›ํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ์˜์  ์ถ•์†Œ๋ฒ•

4. Opinion, belief, and faith - ์˜๊ฒฌ, ์‹ ๋…, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ ์•™

a. Comparison of supernatural or religious faith with science and opinion - ์ดˆ์ž์—ฐ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์ข…๊ต์  ์‹ ์•™๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ฐ ์˜๊ฒฌ์˜ ๋น„๊ต

b. Criticism of superstitiouj or dogmatic belief as opinion without foundation or warrant - ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณด์ฆ ์—†๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ฏธ์‹ ์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ต์กฐ์ ์ธ ์‹ ๋…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ

5. Freedom in the sphere of opinion - ์˜๊ฒฌ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ์ž์œ 

a. Rights and duties with respect to the expression of opinion - ์˜๊ฒฌ ํ‘œํ˜„๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์˜๋ฌด

b. Advantages and disadvantages of freedom of discussion - ํ† ๋ก ์˜ ์ž์œ ์˜ ์žฅ๋‹จ์ 

6. Opinion in the realm of morals - ๋„๋• ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ

a. Good and evil as matters of opinion: moral standards as customs or conventions reflecting prevalent opinion - ์„ ๊ณผ ์•…์„ ์˜๊ฒฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ์„œ: ๋„๋•์  ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€์Šต์ด๋‚˜ ๊ด€๋ก€๋กœ์„œ

b. The inexactitude of moral principles as applied to particular cases - ํŠน์ • ์‚ฌ๋ก€์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋„๋• ์›์น™์˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ™•์„ฑ

7. The social and political significance of public opinion - ์—ฌ๋ก ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฐ ์ •์น˜์  ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ

a. The value of the majority opinion: the distinction between matters to be deter- mined by the expert or by a consensus - ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜: ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ํ•ฉ์˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„

b. Majority rule, its merits and dangers: protections against the false weight of numbers - ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฒฐ์˜ ์›์น™, ๊ทธ ์žฅ์ ๊ณผ ์œ„ํ—˜: ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋œ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์žฅ์น˜๋“ค