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๊ด€๋ จ๋ฉ”ํƒ€

ํ‚ค์›Œ๋“œ: ์ž์—ฐ

Nature ์ž์—ฐ

Topics ์ฃผ์ œ๋“ค

1. Conceptions of nature ์ž์—ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…

a. Nature as the intrinsic source of a thingโ€™s properties and behavior - ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์˜ ์†์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ–‰๋™์˜ ๋‚ด์žฌ์  ์›์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ

1) The distinction between essential and individual nature: generic or specific properties, and individual, contingent accidents

๋ณธ์งˆ์  ๋ณธ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์  ๋ณธ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„: ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ๋˜๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์†์„ฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์ด๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค

2) Nature or essence in relation to matter and form

๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ํ˜•์ƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ณธ์„ฑ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณธ์งˆ

b. Nature as the universe or the totality of things: the identification of God and nature; the distinction between natura naturans and natura naturata

์šฐ์ฃผ ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ด์ฒด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ: ์‹ ๊ณผ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๋™์ผ์‹œ; natura naturans์™€ natura naturata์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„

c. Nature as the complex of the objects of sense: the realm of things existing under the determination of universal laws

๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ: ๋ณดํŽธ์  ๋ฒ•์น™์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ ํ•˜์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์˜ ์˜์—ญ

2. The antitheses of nature or the natural

์ž์—ฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค

a. Nature and art: the imitation of nature; cooperation with nature - ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ˆ : ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ; ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ

b. Nature and convention: the state of nature and the state of society - ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€์Šต: ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ

c. Nature and nurture: the innate or native and the acquired; habit as second nature

์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ ์–‘์œก: ํƒ€๊ณ ๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ํ›„์ฒœ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ; ์Šต๊ด€์€ ์ œ2์˜ ์ฒœ์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค

d. Natural and violent motion - ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ณ  ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ•œ ์›€์ง์ž„

e. The natural and the unnatural or monstrous: the normal and the abnormal - ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ž์—ฐ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ดด๋ฌผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ: ์ •์ƒ๊ณผ ๋น„์ •์ƒ

f. The order of nature and the order of freedom: the phenomenal and the noumenal worlds; the antithesis of nature and spirit - ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์งˆ์„œ์™€ ์ž์œ ์˜ ์งˆ์„œ: ํ˜„์ƒ๊ณ„์™€ ๋ฌผ์ž์ฒด ์„ธ๊ณ„; ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ ์ •์‹ ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ

3. The order of nature - ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์งˆ์„œ

a. The rationality of nature: the maxims and laws of nature - ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ: ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฉ์–ธ๊ณผ ๋ฒ•์น™๋“ค

b. Continuity and hierarchy in the order of nature - ์ž์—ฐ ์งˆ์„œ์—์„œ์˜ ์—ฐ์†์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ณ„์ธต์„ฑ

c. Nature and causality ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„

1) The distinction between the regular and the chance event: the uniformity of nature - ๊ทœ์น™์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์šฐ์—ฐํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„: ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๊ท ์ผ์„ฑ

2) The determinations of nature distinguished from the voluntary or free - ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋˜๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋“ค

3) Teleology in nature: the operation of final causes - ์ž์—ฐ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ก : ์ตœ์ข… ์›์ธ์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ

4) Divine causality in relation to the course of nature: the preservation of nature; providence; miracles - ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์‹ ์„ฑํ•œ ์ธ๊ณผ์„ฑ: ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๋ณด์กด; ์„ญ๋ฆฌ; ๊ธฐ์ 

4. Knowledge of nature or the natural - ์ž์—ฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹

a. Nature or essence as an object of definition

์ •์˜์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณธ์งˆ

b. Nature in relation to diverse types of science:

the theoretic and the practical sciences; natural philosophy or science, mathematics, and metaphysics

๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™ ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ž์—ฐ: ์ด๋ก  ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ์‹ค์ฒœ ๊ณผํ•™; ์ž์—ฐ ์ฒ ํ•™ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™, ์ˆ˜ํ•™, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜•์ด์ƒํ•™

c. Nature as an object of history

์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ

5. Nature or the natural as the standard of the right and the good - ์˜ณ์Œ๊ณผ ์„ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›€

a. Human nature in relation to the good for man - ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ณธ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„

b. Natural inclinations and natural needs with respect to property and wealth - ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์„ฑํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ํ•„์š”์„ฑ

c. The naturalness of the state and political obligation - ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ์ •์น˜์  ์˜๋ฌด์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›€

d. The natural as providing a canon of beauty for production or judgment - ์ž์—ฐ์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์ด๋‹ค

6. Nature in religion and theology - ์ข…๊ต์™€ ์‹ ํ•™์—์„œ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ

a. The personification and worship of nature - ์ž์—ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์ธํ™”์™€ ์ˆญ๋ฐฐ

b. Nature and grace in human life - ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์‚ถ์—์„œ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ ์€ํ˜œ