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  • [2025-04-24 Thu 15:31]

ํ‚ค์›Œ๋“œ

DONE Being ์กด์žฌ

  • Being - Link ์กด์žฌ - ๋งํฌ

See also: ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฐธ์กฐ:

  • ontology ์กด์žฌ๋ก 

Topics ์ฃผ์ œ

1. Diverse conceptions of being and non-being: being as a term or concept; the meanings of wand is not - ์กด์žฌ์™€ ๋น„์กด์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…: ์กด์žฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ๋…; wand์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

2. Being and the one and the many - ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์ผ์ž ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์ž

a. Infinite being and the plurality of finite beings - ๋ฌดํ•œํ•œ ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์œ ํ•œํ•œ ์กด์žฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์„ฑ

b. The unity of a being - ์กด์žฌ์˜ ํ†ต์ผ์„ฑ

3. Being and good ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์„ 

a. The hierarchy of being: grades of reality, degrees of intelligibility - ์กด์žฌ์˜ ์œ„๊ณ„: ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰, ์ดํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ์ •๋„

b. Being as the object of love and desire - ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๊ณผ ์š•๋ง์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์กด์žฌ

4. Being and truth ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์ง„๋ฆฌ

a. Being as the pervasive object of mind, and the formal object of the first philoso- phy, metaphysics, or dialectic - ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์กด์žฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฒ ํ•™์ธ ํ˜•์ด์ƒํ•™ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์ฆ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ˜•์‹์  ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์กด์žฌ

b. Being as the measure of truth in judgments of the mind: clarity and distinctness as criteria of the reality of an idea - ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์—์„œ ์ง„๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฒ™๋„๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์กด์žฌ: ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์˜ ์‹ค์žฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ช…๋ฃŒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ช…ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ

5. Being and becoming: the reality of change; the nature of mutable being - ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์ƒ์„ฑ: ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์‹ค์žฌ; ๋ณ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์กด์žฌ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ

6. The cause of existence - ์กด์žฌ์˜ ์›์ธ

7. The divisions or modes of being - ์กด์žฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ ๋˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ

a. The distinction between essence and existence: existence as the act of being - ๋ณธ์งˆ๊ณผ ์กด์žฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„: ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์กด์žฌ ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ์„œ

b. The distinction between substance and attribute, accident or modification: independent and dependent being - ์‹ค์ฒด์™€ ์†์„ฑ, ๋ถ€์ˆ˜์  ์„ฑ์งˆ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ˜•์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„: ๋…๋ฆฝ์  ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์˜์กด์  ์กด์žฌ

1) The conceptions of substance - ์‹ค์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…
2) Corporeal and spiritual substances, composite and simple substances: the kinds of substance in relation to matter and form - ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ๋ฐ ์˜์  ์‹ค์ฒด, ๋ณตํ•ฉ ๋ฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์‹ค์ฒด: ์งˆ๋ฃŒ์™€ ํ˜•์ƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฒด์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜
3) Corruptible and incorruptible substances - ๋ถ€ํŒจํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ค์ฒด์™€ ๋ถ€ํŒจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‹ค์ฒด
4) Extension and thought as dependent substances or as attributes of infinite substance - ๋ฌดํ•œ ์‹ค์ฒด์˜ ์†์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ค์ฒด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ฐ์žฅ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์œ 
5) Substance as subject to change and to different kinds of change: the role of accidents or modifications - ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‹ค์ฒด: ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์˜ ์—ญํ•  - * f. The nature and kinds of accidents or modifications - ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ข…๋ฅ˜

c. The distinction between potentiality and actuality: possible and actual being - ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ฑ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„: ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์‹ค์ œ ์กด์žฌ

1) The order of potentiality and actuality - ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ฑ์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ
2) Types of potency and degrees of actuality - ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ฑ์˜ ์ •๋„
3) Potentiality and actuality in relation to matter and form - ์งˆ๋ฃŒ์™€ ํ˜•์ƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ฑ

d. The distinction between real and ideal being, or between natural being and being in mind - ์‹ค์žฌ์  ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์ด์ƒ์  ์กด์žฌ, ๋˜๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์  ์กด์žฌ์™€ ๋งˆ์Œ์† ์กด์žฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„

1) The being of the possible - ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ
2) The being of ideas, universals, rights - ๊ด€๋…, ๋ณดํŽธ, ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์กด์žฌ
3) The being of mathematical objects - ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์กด์žฌ
4) The being of relations - ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์กด์žฌ
5) The being of fictions and negations - ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋ถ€์ •์˜ ์กด์žฌ

e. The distinction between appearance and reality, between the sensible and supra- sensible, between the phenomenal and noumenal orders - ํ˜„์ƒ๊ณผ ์‹ค์žฌ, ๊ฐ๊ฐ์  ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ์ดˆ๊ฐ๊ฐ์  ์„ธ๊ณ„, ํ˜„์ƒ๊ณ„์™€ ๋ฌผ์ž์ฒด๊ณ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„

8. Being and knowledge ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์ง€์‹

a. Being and becoming in relation to sense: perception and imagination - ๊ฐ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์ƒ์„ฑ: ์ง€๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ƒ์ƒ

b. Being and becoming in relation to intellect: abstraction and intuition - ์ง€์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์ƒ์„ฑ: ์ถ”์ƒ๊ณผ ์ง๊ด€

c. Essence or substance as the object of definition: real and nominal essences - ์ •์˜์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ค์ฒด: ์‹ค์žฌ ๋ณธ์งˆ๊ณผ ๋ช…๋ชฉ์ƒ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ

d. The role of essence in demonstration: the use of essence, property, and accident in inference - ์ฆ๋ช…์—์„œ ๋ณธ์งˆ์˜ ์—ญํ• : ์ถ”๋ก ์—์„œ ๋ณธ์งˆ, ์†์„ฑ, ์šฐ์—ฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ

e. The accidental in relation to science and definition - ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ์ •์˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์šฐ์—ฐ์  ์š”์†Œ

f. Judgments and demonstrations of existence: their sources and validity - ์กด์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒ๋‹จ๊ณผ ์ฆ๋ช…: ๊ทธ ์ถœ์ฒ˜์™€ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ