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  • [2025-04-24 Thu 23:25]

KEYWORDS

Reasoning ์ถ”๋ก 

  • Reasoning - Link ์ถ”๋ก  - ๋งํฌ

Topics ์ฃผ์ œ

1. Definitions or descriptions of reasoning: the process of thought - ์ถ”๋ก ์˜ ์ •์˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…: ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •

a. Human reasoning compared with the reasoning of animals - ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ถ”๋ก ๊ณผ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์ถ”๋ก  ๋น„๊ต

b. Discursive reasoning contrasted with immediate intuition - ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์ง๊ด€๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋…ผ์ฆ์  ์ถ”๋ก 

c. The role of sense, memory, and imagination in reasoning: perceptual inference, rational reminiscence, the collation of images - ์ถ”๋ก ์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ, ๊ธฐ์–ต, ์ƒ์ƒ์˜ ์—ญํ• : ์ง€๊ฐ์  ์ถ”๋ก , ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ํšŒ์ƒ, ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ๋Œ€์กฐ

2. The rules of reasoning: the theory of the syllogism - ์ถ”๋ก ์˜ ๊ทœ์น™: ์‚ผ๋‹จ๋…ผ๋ฒ• ์ด๋ก 

a. The structure of a syllogism: its figures and moods - ์‚ผ๋‹จ๋…ผ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ: ๊ทธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ์–‘์ƒ

1) The number of premises and the number of terms: the middle term in rea- soning - ์ „์ œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์™€ ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ˆ˜: ์ถ”๋ก ์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์šฉ์–ด
2) Affirmation, negation, and the distribution of the middle term: the quan- tity and the quality of the premises - ๊ธ์ •, ๋ถ€์ • ๋ฐ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ : ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์˜ ์–‘๊ณผ ํ’ˆ์งˆ

b. The kinds of syllogism: categorical, hypothetical, disjunctive, modal - ์‚ผ๋‹จ๋…ผ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜: ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์ , ๊ฐ€์ •์ , ์„ ํƒ์ , ์–‘์ƒ์ 

c. The connection of syllogisms: sorites, pro-syllogisms and epi-syllogisms - ์‚ผ๋‹จ๋…ผ๋ฒ•์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ: ์†Œ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์Šค, ํ”„๋กœ-์‚ผ๋‹จ๋…ผ๋ฒ•, ์—ํ”ผ-์‚ผ๋‹จ๋…ผ๋ฒ•

3. The truth and cogency of reasoning - ์ถ”๋ก ์˜ ์ง„์‹ค์„ฑ๊ณผ ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ

a. Formal and material truth: logical validity distinguished from factual truth - ํ˜•์‹์  ์ง„๋ฆฌ์™€ ์‹ค์งˆ์  ์ง„๋ฆฌ: ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์  ์ง„๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„

b. Lack of cogency in reasoning: invalid syllogisms; formal fallacies - ์ถ”๋ก ์˜ ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ: ํƒ€๋‹นํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ผ๋‹จ๋…ผ๋ฒ•; ํ˜•์‹์  ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋“ค

c. Lack of truth in reasoning: sophistical arguments; material fallacies - ์ถ”๋ก ์—์„œ์˜ ์ง„์‹ค์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ: ๊ถค๋ณ€์  ๋…ผ์ฆ; ๋‚ด์šฉ์  ์˜ค๋ฅ˜

d. Necessity and contingency in reasoning: logical necessity; certainty and prob- ability - ์ถ”๋ก ์—์„œ์˜ ํ•„์—ฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์šฐ์—ฐ์„ฑ: ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•„์—ฐ์„ฑ; ํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ™•๋ฅ 

4. The types of reasoning, inference, or argument - ์ถ”๋ก , ๊ท€๋‚ฉ ๋˜๋Š” ๋…ผ์ฆ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•๋“ค

a. Immediate inference: its relation to mediated inference or reasoning - ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์  ์ถ”๋ก : ๋งค๊ฐœ๋œ ์ถ”๋ก  ๋˜๋Š” ์ถ”๋ก ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„

b. The direction and uses of reasoning: the distinction between proof and infer- ence, and between demonstration and discovery - ์ถ”๋ก ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์šฉ๋„: ์ฆ๋ช…๊ณผ ์ถ”๋ก ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹œ์—ฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„

c. Inductive and deductive reasoning - ๊ท€๋‚ฉ์  ๋ฐ ์—ฐ์—ญ์  ์ถ”๋ก 

d. Direct and indirect argumentation: proof by reductio ad absurdum\\ argument from the impossible or ideal case - ์ง์ ‘์  ๋ฐ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์  ๋…ผ์ฆ: ๋ชจ์ˆœ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ฆ๋ช…(ํ™˜์›๋ฒ•), ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋…ผ์ฆ

e. Refutation: disproof ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•: ๋ฐ˜์ฆ

f. Reasoning by analogy: arguments from similarity - ์œ ์ถ”์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ถ”๋ก : ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ๋…ผ์ฆ

5. Reasoning in relation to knowledge, opinion, and action - ์ง€์‹, ์˜๊ฒฌ, ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ถ”๋ก 

a. The fact and the reasoned fact: mere belief distinguished from belief on rational grounds - ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ ์ด์„ฑ์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค: ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋ฏฟ์Œ๊ณผ ์ด์„ฑ์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„

b. Scientific reasoning: the theory of demonstration - ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ถ”๋ก : ์ฆ๋ช…์˜ ์ด๋ก 

1) The indemonstrable as a basis for demonstration - ์ฆ๋ช…์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ฆ๋ช… ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ
2) Definitions used as means in reasoning: definitions as the ends of reasoning - ์ถ”๋ก ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ •์˜: ์ถ”๋ก ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ •์˜
3) A priori and a posteriori reasoning: from causes or from effects; from princi- ples or from experience; analysis and synthesis - ์„ ํ—˜์  ๋ฐ ํ›„ํ—˜์  ์ถ”๋ก : ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ; ์›๋ฆฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ; ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ์ข…ํ•ฉ
4) The role of causes in demonstration and scientific reasoning - ์ฆ๋ช…๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ถ”๋ก ์—์„œ ์›์ธ์˜ ์—ญํ• 
5) Demonstration in relation to essence and existence: demonstrations propter quid and quia - ๋ณธ์งˆ๊ณผ ์กด์žฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ฆ๋ช…: propter quid์™€ quia ์ฆ๋ช…

c. Dialectical reasoning: the opposition of rational arguments - ๋ณ€์ฆ๋ฒ•์  ์ถ”๋ก : ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ๋…ผ์ฆ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ

d. Rhetorical reasoning: the rational grounds of persuasion - ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์  ์ถ”๋ก : ์„ค๋“์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ

e. Practical reasoning ์‹ค์ฒœ์  ์ถ”๋ก 

1) The form of the practical syllogism - ์‹ค์ฒœ ์‚ผ๋‹จ๋…ผ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ
3) Deliberation: the choice of alternative means; decision - ์ˆ™๊ณ : ๋Œ€์•ˆ์  ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์˜ ์„ ํƒ; ๊ฒฐ์ •

6. The character of reasoning in the various disciplines - ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ•™๋ฌธ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ์˜ ์ถ”๋ก ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ

a. Proof in metaphysics and theology - ํ˜•์ด์ƒํ•™๊ณผ ์‹ ํ•™์—์„œ์˜ ์ฆ๋ช…

b. Demonstration in mathematics: analysis and synthesis - ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ๋ฐ๋ชจ: ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ

c. Inductive and deductive inference in the philosophy of nature and the natural sciences - ์ž์—ฐ์ฒ ํ•™๊ณผ ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™์—์„œ์˜ ๊ท€๋‚ฉ์  ๋ฐ ์—ฐ์—ญ์  ์ถ”๋ก 

d. Induction and demonstration in the moral sciences - ๋„๋• ๊ณผํ•™์—์„œ์˜ ๊ท€๋‚ฉ๊ณผ ์‹œ์—ฐ

๋กœ๊ทธ

|2025-06-05 Thu 10:01|

@user reasoning, inference, abduction์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด์ค˜

@assistant ์•„๋ž˜๋Š” reasoning(์ถ”๋ก ), inference(์ถ”๋ก ), abduction(๊ฐ€์„ค์ถ”๋ก )์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


์ถ”๋ก (Reasoning)

  • ์ •์˜: ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ •๋ณด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ง€์‹์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ณผ์ •[1][2][4].
  • ํŠน์ง•: ์ผ์ƒ์  ํŒ๋‹จ, ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ, ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ.
  • ์˜ˆ์‹œ: โ€œ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ฉด ๊ธธ์ด ์ –๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ธธ์ด ์ –๋Š”๋‹ค.โ€

์ถ”๋ก (Inference) - ์ถ”๋ก 

  • ์ •์˜: ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์ „์ œ๋‚˜ ์ •๋ณด์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •. ์ถ”๋ก ์˜ ํ•˜์œ„ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ, ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„[4].
  • ํŠน์ง•: ์ถ”๋ก ์˜ ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ, ์ฃผ๋กœ ์—ฐ์—ญ์ (deductive) ๋˜๋Š” ๊ท€๋‚ฉ์ (inductive) ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ.
  • ์˜ˆ์‹œ: โ€œ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ฃฝ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์†Œํฌ๋ผํ…Œ์Šค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์†Œํฌ๋ผํ…Œ์Šค๋Š” ์ฃฝ๋Š”๋‹ค.โ€

๊ฐ€์„ค์ถ”๋ก (Abduction)

  • ์ •์˜: ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋œ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋“ฏํ•œ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์ถ”๋ก  ๋ฐฉ์‹.
  • ํŠน์ง•: ์—ฐ์—ญ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ท€๋‚ฉ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์—์„œ ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •.
  • ์˜ˆ์‹œ: โ€œ๊ธธ์ด ์ –์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์™”์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.โ€

์šฉ์–ด์ •์˜ ๋ฐ ํŠน์ง•์˜ˆ์‹œ
์ถ”๋ก ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋„์ถœ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ฉด ๊ธธ์ด ์ –๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋‹ค. โ†’ ๊ธธ์ด ์ –๋Š”๋‹ค.
์ถ”๋ก ์ „์ œ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ฃฝ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์†Œํฌ๋ผํ…Œ์Šค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‹ค. โ†’ ์†Œํฌ๋ผํ…Œ์Šค๋Š” ์ฃฝ๋Š”๋‹ค.
๊ฐ€์„ค์ถ”๋ก ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋œ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค ์ œ์‹œ๊ธธ์ด ์ –์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. โ†’ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์™”์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

@user reasoning, inference์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ญ์•ผ?

@assistant **์ถ”๋ก (Reasoning)*๊ณผ *์ถ”๋ก (Inference)*์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด:

  1. ๋ฒ”์œ„

    • ์ถ”๋ก (Reasoning): ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ๊ณผ์ • (๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ, ํŒ๋‹จ, ๋…ผ์ฆ ๋“ฑ ํฌ๊ด„์ ). /์˜ˆ์‹œ:* โ€œ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ฉด ๊ธธ์ด ์ –๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋‹ค. โ†’ ๊ธธ์ด ์ –๋Š”๋‹ค.โ€ (์—ฐ์—ญ์  ์ถ”๋ก )
    • ์ถ”๋ก  ์ถ”๋ก (Inference): ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์ „์ œ์—์„œ ํŠน์ • ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋„์ถœ*ํ•˜๋Š” *๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ํ–‰์œ„. /์˜ˆ์‹œ:* โ€œ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์ด ์ง™๋‹ค. โ†’ ๊ณง ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.โ€ (๊ด€์ฐฐ โ†’ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ)
  2. ํ™œ์šฉ ๋งฅ๋ฝ

    • ์ถ”๋ก : ์ฒ ํ•™, ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™, ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๋“ฑ *๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ*์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ.
    • ์ถ”๋ก : ๋…ผ๋ฆฌํ•™, ์–ธ์–ดํ•™ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๋ช…์‹œ์  ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ถ„์„ ์‹œ ๊ฐ•์กฐ.

> ์š”์•ฝ: ์ถ”๋ก *์€ ํฐ ํ‹€์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ณผ์ •, *์ถ”๋ก *๋Š” ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„. > /์˜ˆ์‹œ ๋น„๊ต: > - ์ถ”๋ก : โ€œ์ด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉดโ€ฆโ€ (์ „์ฒด์  ๋ถ„์„) > - ์ถ”๋ก : โ€œA์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ B์ด๋‹คโ€ (์ง์ ‘์  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ)

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