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ํ‚ค์›Œ๋“œ: ์ˆ˜ํ•™

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์‚ญ์ œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์˜ˆ์ •

[2025-06-04 Wed 19:20]

DONE Mathematics ์ˆ˜ํ•™

Topics ์ฃผ์ œ๋“ค

1. The science of mathematics: its branches or divisions; the origin and development of mathematics - ์ˆ˜ํ•™์˜ ๊ณผํ•™: ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ„๊ณผ; ์ˆ˜ํ•™์˜ ๊ธฐ์›๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ „

a. The distinction of mathematics from physics and metaphysics: its relation to logic - ์ˆ˜ํ•™์„ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๋ฐ ํ˜•์ด์ƒํ•™๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ: ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„

b. The service of mathematics to dialectic and philosophy: its place in liberal education - ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ด ๋ณ€์ฆ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ฒ ํ•™์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”: ๊ต์–‘ ๊ต์œก์—์„œ์˜ ์œ„์น˜

c. The certainty and exactitude of mathematical knowledge: the a priori founda- tions of arithmetic and geometry - ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ์ง€์‹์˜ ํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ: ์‚ฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์˜ ์„ ํ—˜์  ๊ธฐ์ดˆ

d. The ideal of a universal ma thesis: the unification of arithmetic and geometry - ๋ณดํŽธ์  ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ด์ƒ: ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์˜ ํ†ต์ผ

2. The objects of mathematics: number, figure, extension, relation, order - ์ˆ˜ํ•™์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ: ์ˆ˜, ๋„ํ˜•, ํ™•์žฅ, ๊ด€๊ณ„, ์ˆœ์„œ

a. The apprehension of mathematical objects: by intuition, abstraction, imagina- tion, construction; the forms of lime and space - ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์ธ์‹: ์ง๊ด€, ์ถ”์ƒ, ์ƒ์ƒ, ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ•จ; ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ

b. The being of mathematical objects: their real, ideal, or mental existence - ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์กด์žฌ: ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‹ค์žฌ์ , ์ด์ƒ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์ •์‹ ์  ์กด์žฌ

c. Kinds of quantity: continuous and discrete quantities; the problem of the irrational - ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜: ์—ฐ์† ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋ถˆ์—ฐ์† ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰, ๋น„์ด์„ฑ์  ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

3. Method in mathematics: the model of mathematical thought - ์ˆ˜ํ•™์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ

a. The conditions and character of demonstration in mathematics: the use of definitions, postulates, axioms, hypotheses - ์ˆ˜ํ•™์—์„œ ์ฆ๋ช…์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ: ์ •์˜, ๊ณต๋ฆฌ, ๊ณต์ค€, ๊ฐ€์„ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ

b. The role of construction: its bearing on proof, mathematical existence, and the scope of mathematical inquiry - ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์—ญํ• : ์ฆ๋ช…, ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ์กด์žฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ํƒ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

c. Analysis and synthesis: function and variable - ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ์ข…ํ•ฉ: ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜

d. Symbols and formulae: the attainment of generality - ๊ธฐํ˜ธ์™€ ๊ณต์‹: ์ผ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์˜ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ

4. Mathematical techniques ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•

a. The arithmetic and algebraic processes - ์‚ฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ˆ˜ ๊ณผ์ •

b. The operations of geometry - ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์˜ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ

c. The use of proportions and equations - ๋น„์œจ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ

d. The method of exhaustion: the theory of limits and the calculus - ์†Œ์ง„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ํ•œ๊ณ„ ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์ ๋ถ„ํ•™

5. The applications of mathematics to physical phenomena: the utility of mathematics - ์ˆ˜ํ•™์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‘์šฉ: ์ˆ˜ํ•™์˜ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ

a. The art of measurement - ์ธก์ •์˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ 

b. Mathematical physics: the mathematical structure of nature - ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™: ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ