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๊ณผํ•™์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ์ดํ•ด - ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™ ํ˜•์‹๊ณผํ•™ ์‘์šฉ๊ณผํ•™ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™

๊ณผํ•™ - ๋‚˜๋ฌด์œ„ํ‚ค - namu.wiki

์œ„ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ผ. ํ˜•์‹๊ณผํ•™์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€?!

KEYWORDS: ๊ณผํ•™

History

  • [2025-04-24 Thu 23:29]

Science ๊ณผํ•™

Topics ์ฃผ์ œ

1. Conceptions of science ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…

a. Science as a philosophical discipline: certain or perfect knowledge - ์ฒ ํ•™์  ํ•™๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™: ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ง€์‹

1) The intellectual virtue of science: its relation to understanding and wisdom - ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์ง€์  ๋•๋ชฉ: ์ดํ•ด์™€ ์ง€ํ˜œ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„
2) The division and hierarchy of the philosophical sciences - ์ฒ ํ•™์  ํ•™๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์™€ ๊ณ„์ธต ๊ตฌ์กฐ

b. Science as the discipline of experimental inquiry and the organization of experi- mental knowledge: the scientific spirit - ์‹คํ—˜์  ํƒ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•™๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ์‹คํ—˜์  ์ง€์‹์˜ ์กฐ์ง: ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ •์‹ 

1) The utility of science: the applications of experimental knowledge in the mastery of nature; machinery and inventions - ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ: ์ž์—ฐ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์—์„œ ์‹คํ—˜์  ์ง€์‹์˜ ์‘์šฉ; ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์™€ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ’ˆ
2) The effects of science on human life: the economic and social implications of technology - ๊ณผํ•™์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ƒํ™œ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ: ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ•จ์˜

c. The issue concerning science and philosophy: the distinction and relation be- tween experimental and philosophical science, or between empirical and rational science - ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ์ฒ ํ•™์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ: ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ์ฒ ํ•™ ๊ณผํ•™, ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ์ด์„ฑ์  ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„

2. The relation of science to other kinds of knowledge - ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„

a. The relation between science and religion: the conception of sacred theology as a science - ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ์ข…๊ต์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„: ์‹ ํ•™์„ ๊ณผํ•™์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…

b. The comparison of science with poetry and history - ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ์‹œ ๋ฐ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋น„๊ต

3. The relation of science to action and production - ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ํ–‰์œ„ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„

a. The distinction between theoretic and practical science: the character of ethics, politics, economics, and jurisprudence as sciences - ์ด๋ก  ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ์‹ค์ฒœ ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„: ์œค๋ฆฌํ•™, ์ •์น˜ํ•™, ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™, ๋ฒ•ํ•™์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ

b. The distinction between pure and applied science: the relation of science to the useful arts - ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ์‘์šฉ ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„: ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„

4. The nature of scientific knowledge - ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ง€์‹์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ

a. The principles of science: facts, definitions, axioms, hypotheses - ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ: ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ •์˜, ๊ณต๋ฆฌ, ๊ฐ€์„ค

b. The objects of science: the essential and necessary; the sensible and measurable - ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ: ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ; ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ธก์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ

c. The role of cause in science: explanation and description as aims of scientific inquiry - ๊ณผํ•™์—์„œ ์›์ธ์˜ ์—ญํ• : ๊ณผํ•™์  ํƒ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์„ค๋ช…๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ 

d. The generality of scientific formulations: universal laws of nature - ๊ณผํ•™์  ๊ณต์‹์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ: ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์  ๋ฒ•์น™

e. The certitude and probability or the finality and tentativeness of scientific con- clusions: the adequacy of scientific theories - ๊ณผํ•™์  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์˜ ํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ™•๋ฅ  ๋˜๋Š” ์ตœ์ข…์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ž ์ •์„ฑ: ๊ณผํ•™ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ

5. Scientific method ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

a. The role of experience: observation and experiment - ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ์—ญํ• : ๊ด€์ฐฐ๊ณผ ์‹คํ—˜

b. Techniques of exploration and discovery: the ascertainment of fact - ํƒ์ƒ‰๊ณผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ : ์‚ฌ์‹ค์˜ ํ™•์ธ

c. The use of mathematics in science: calculation and measurement - ๊ณผํ•™์—์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์šฉ: ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์ธก์ •

d. Induction and deduction in the philosophy of nature and natural science - ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ ์ž์—ฐ ๊ณผํ•™ ์ฒ ํ•™์˜ ๊ท€๋‚ฉ๊ณผ ์—ฐ์—ญ

e. The use of hypotheses: prediction and verification - ๊ฐ€์„ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ: ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ณผ ๊ฒ€์ฆ

6. The development of the sciences - ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „

a. The technical conditions of scientific progress: the invention of scientific instru- ments or apparatus - ๊ณผํ•™ ์ง„๋ณด์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์กฐ๊ฑด: ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ช…

b. The place of science in society: the social conditions favorable to the advance- ment of science - ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์œ„์น˜: ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์กฐ๊ฑด

7. The evaluation of science - ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€

a. The praise of science by comparison with opinion, superstition, magic - ์˜๊ฒฌ, ๋ฏธ์‹ , ๋งˆ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์ฐฌ์–‘

b. The satirization of science and scientists: the foibles of science - ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ’์ž: ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์•ฝ์ ๋“ค

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