History

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๊ด€๋ จ๋ฉ”ํƒ€

ํ‚ค์›Œ๋“œ: ์ง€์‹ knowledge

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DONE Knowledge ์ง€์‹

Topics ์ฃผ์ œ

1. The nature of knowledge: the relation between knower and known; the issue concerning the representative or intentional character of knowledge - ์ง€์‹์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ: ์ธ์‹์ž์™€ ์ธ์‹ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„; ์ง€์‹์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ฑ ๋˜๋Š” ์˜๋„์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ

2. Manโ€™s natural desire and power to know - ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ง€์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š•๊ตฌ์™€ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ

3. Principles of knowledge ์ง€์‹์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ

4. Knowledge in relation to other states of mind - ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ •์‹  ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ง€์‹

a. Knowledge and truth: the differentiation of knowledge, error, and ignorance - ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ์ง„๋ฆฌ: ์ง€์‹, ์˜ค๋ฅ˜, ๋ฌด์ง€์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„

b. Knowledge, belief, and opinion: their relation or distinction - ์ง€์‹, ๋ฏฟ์Œ, ์˜๊ฒฌ: ๊ทธ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ณ„

c. The distinction between knowledge and fancy or imagination - ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๊ณต์ƒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„

d. Knowledge and love ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘

5. The extent or limits of human knowledge - ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ง€์‹์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„

a. The knowable, the unknowable, and the unknown: the knowability of certain objects - ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ๊ฒƒ: ํŠน์ • ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์ธ์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ

1) God as an object of knowledge - ์ง€์‹์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‹ 
2) Matter and the immaterial as objects of knowledge - ์ง€์‹์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ๋น„๋ฌผ์งˆ
3) Cause and substance as objects of knowledge - ์ง€์‹์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์›์ธ๊ณผ ์‹ค์ฒด
4) The infinite and the individual as objects of knowledge - ์ง€์‹์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ฌดํ•œ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์  ์กด์žฌ
5) The past and the future as objects of knowledge - ์ง€์‹์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ - * f. The self and the thing in itself as objects of knowledge - ์ง€์‹์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ž์•„์™€ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด

b. The distinction between what is more knowable in itself and what is more knowable to us - ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋” ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„

c. Dogmatism, skepticism, and the critical attitude with respect to the extent, certainty, and finality of human knowledge - ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ง€์‹์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„, ํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ, ์ตœ์ข…์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜, ํšŒ์˜์ฃผ์˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒ์  ํƒœ๋„

d. The method of universal doubt as prerequisite to knowledge: Godโ€™s goodness as the assurance of the veracity of our faculties - ์ง€์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „์ œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์  ์˜์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ธ์ง€ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ง„์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ์˜ ์„ ํ•˜์‹ฌ

e. Knowledge about knowledge as the source of criteria for evaluating claims to knowledge - ์ง€์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ง€์‹ ์ฃผ์žฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์˜ ์›์ฒœ

6. The kinds of knowledge - ์ง€์‹์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜

a. The classification of knowledge according to diversity of objects - ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง€์‹์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜

1) Being and becoming, the intelligible and the sensible, the necessary and the contingent, the eternal and the temporal, the immaterial and the material as objects of knowledge - ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์ƒ์„ฑ, ์ง€์„ฑ์  ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์  ๊ฒƒ, ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์šฐ์—ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ, ์˜์›ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ, ๋น„๋ฌผ์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ง€์‹์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ๋“ค
2) Knowledge of natures or kinds distinguished from knowledge of individuals - ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋˜๋Š” ๋ณธ์„ฑ ๋˜๋Š” ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹
3) Knowledge of matters of fact or real existence distinguished from knowl- edge of our ideas or of the relations between them - ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์กด์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋œ๋‹ค
4) Knowledge in relation to the distinction between the phenomenal and the noumenal, the sensible and supra-sensible - ํ˜„์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„ํ˜„์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ, ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ดˆ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ง€์‹

b. The classification of knowledge according to the faculties involved in knowing - ์ง€์‹์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜

1) Sensitive knowledge: sense-perception as knowledge; judgments of percep- tion and judgments of experience - ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ์ง€์‹: ์ง€์‹์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ-์ง€๊ฐ; ์ง€๊ฐ์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ
2) Memory as knowledge ์ง€์‹์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต
3) Rational or intellectual knowledge - ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์  ์ง€์‹
4) Knowledge in relation to the faculties of understanding, judgment, and reason; and to the work of intuition, imagination, and understanding - ์ดํ•ด, ํŒ๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์ด์„ฑ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ง๊ด€, ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์ดํ•ด์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ง€์‹

c. The classification of knowledge according to the methods or means of knowing - ์ธ์‹์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง€์‹์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜

1) Vision, contemplation, or intuitive knowledge distinguished from discursive knowledge - ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ, ๊ด€์ƒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ง๊ด€์  ์ง€์‹
2) The distinction between immediate and mediated judgments: induction and reasoning, principles and conclusions - ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์  ํŒ๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋œ ํŒ๋‹จ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„: ๊ท€๋‚ฉ๊ณผ ์ถ”๋ก , ์›๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก 
3) The doctrine of knowledge as reminiscence: the distinction between innate and acquired knowledge - ํšŒ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ง€์‹ ๊ต๋ฆฌ: ์„ ์ฒœ์  ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ํ›„์ฒœ์  ์ง€์‹์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„
4) The distinction between a priori and a posteriori knowledge: the tran- scendental, or speculative, and the empirical - ์„ ํ—˜์  ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ์ง€์‹์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„: ์ดˆ์›”์  ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ณ€์  ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ์ง€์‹
5) The distinction between natural and supernatural knowledge: knowledge based on sense or reason distinguished from knowledge by faith or through grace and inspiration - ์ž์—ฐ์  ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ์ดˆ์ž์—ฐ์  ์ง€์‹์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„: ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ์ด์„ฑ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ์‹ ์•™ ๋˜๋Š” ์€์ด๊ณผ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ง€์‹์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„

d. The classification of knowledge according to the degrees of assent - ๋™์˜ ์ •๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง€์‹ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜

1) The distinction between certain and probable knowledge - ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์—ฐ์ ์ธ ์ง€์‹์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„
2) The types of certainty and the degrees of probability - ํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ํ™•๋ฅ ์˜ ์ •๋„
3) The distinction between adequate and inadequate, or perfect and im- perfect knowledge - ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ง€์‹, ๋˜๋Š” ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„

e. The classification of knowledge according to the end or aim of the knowing - ์ง€์‹์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜: ์•Ž์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜

1) The distinction between theoretic and practical knowledge: knowing for the sake of knowledge and for the sake of action or production - ์ด๋ก ์  ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ์‹ค์ฒœ์  ์ง€์‹์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„: ์ง€์‹ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•Ž๊ณผ ํ–‰๋™ ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•Ž
2) The types of practical knowledge: the use of knowledge in production and in the direction of conduct; technical and moral knowledge - ์‹ค์ฒœ์  ์ง€์‹์˜ ์œ ํ˜•: ์ƒ์‚ฐ์—์„œ์˜ ์ง€์‹ ํ™œ์šฉ๊ณผ ํ–‰์œ„ ์ง€๋„์˜ ์ง€์‹; ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๋„๋•์  ์ง€์‹

7. Comparison of human with other kinds of knowledge - ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ง€์‹ ๋น„๊ต

a. Human and divine knowledge - ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์‹ ์„ฑํ•œ ์ง€์‹

b. Human and angelic knowledge - ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ฒœ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง€์‹

c. Knowledge in this life compared with knowledge in the state of innocence and knowledge hereafter - ๋ฌด์ฃ„ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ์˜ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๋‚ด์„ธ์˜ ์ง€์‹์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ด ์ƒ์—์„œ์˜ ์ง€์‹

d. The knowledge of men and brutes - ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ง์Šน์˜ ์ง€์‹

8. The use and value of knowledge - ์ง€์‹์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์น˜

a. The technical use of knowledge in the sphere of production: the applications of science in art - ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ์ง€์‹์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์‚ฌ์šฉ: ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์—์„œ ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์‘์šฉ

b. The moral use of knowledge and the moral value of knowledge - ์ง€์‹์˜ ๋„๋•์  ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ณผ ์ง€์‹์˜ ๋„๋•์  ๊ฐ€์น˜

1) The knowledge of good and evil: the relation of knowledge to virtue and sin - ์„ ๊ณผ ์•…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹: ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๋• ๋ฐ ์ฃ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„
2) Knowledge as a condition of voluntanness in conduct - ํ–‰์œ„์—์„œ ์ž๋ฐœ์„ฑ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ง€์‹
3) Knowledge in relation to prudence and continence - ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•จ๊ณผ ์ ˆ์ œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ง€์‹
4) The possession or pursuit of knowledge as a good or satisfaction: its relation to pleasure and pain; its contribution to happiness - ์„ ์ด๋‚˜ ๋งŒ์กฑ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ง€์‹์˜ ์†Œ์œ  ๋˜๋Š” ์ถ”๊ตฌ: ์พŒ๋ฝ๊ณผ ๊ณ ํ†ต๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„; ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ

c. The political use of knowledge: the knowledge requisite for the statesman, legislator, or citizen - ์ง€์‹์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์‚ฌ์šฉ: ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€, ์ž…๋ฒ•์ž ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ง€์‹

9. The communication of knowledge - ์ง€์‹์˜ ์ „๋‹ฌ

a. The means and methods of communicating knowledge - ์ง€์‹์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

b. The value of the dissemination of knowledge: freedom of discussion - ์ง€์‹ ์ „ํŒŒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜: ํ† ๋ก ์˜ ์ž์œ 

1.. The growth of human knowledge: the history of manโ€™s progress and failures in the pursuit of knowledge - ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ง€์‹์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ: ์ง€์‹์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ง„๋ณด์™€ ์‹คํŒจ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ