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  • [2025-04-24 Thu 23:21]

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Principle 원칙

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1. Principles in the order of reality - ν˜„μ‹€μ˜ μˆœμ„œμ— λ”°λ₯Έ 원칙듀

a. The differentiation of principle, element, and cause - 원리, μš”μ†Œ, μ›μΈμ˜ 차별화

b. The being, number, and kinds of principles in the order of reality - μ‹€μž¬μ˜ μ§ˆμ„œμ—μ„œ μ›λ¦¬μ˜ 쑴재, 수, μ’…λ₯˜

c. The metaphysical significance of the principles of thought - 사고 μ›λ¦¬μ˜ ν˜•μ΄μƒν•™μ μΈ μ€‘μš”μ„±

2. The kinds of principles in the order of knowledge - μ§€μ‹μ˜ μˆœμ„œμ— λ”°λ₯Έ μ›μΉ™μ˜ μ’…λ₯˜

a. . The origin of knowledge in simple apprehensions - λ‹¨μˆœ μΈμ‹μ—μ„œ μ§€μ‹μ˜ 기원

1) Sensations or ideas as principles - μ›λ¦¬λ‘œμ„œμ˜ 감각 λ˜λŠ” 관념
2) Definitions as principles - μ›λ¦¬λ‘œμ„œμ˜ μ •μ˜
3) Indefinables as principles of definition - μ •μ˜μ˜ μ›λ¦¬λ‘œμ„œμ˜ μ •μ˜ λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 것듀

b. Propositions or judgments as principles - μ›λ¦¬λ‘œμ„œμ˜ λͺ…μ œ λ˜λŠ” νŒλ‹¨

1) Immediate truths of perception: direct sensitive knowledge of appearances; evident particular facts - μ§€κ°μ˜ 즉각적 진리: 외관에 λŒ€ν•œ 직접적 감각적 지식; λͺ…λ°±ν•œ κ°œλ³„ 사싀듀
2) Immediate truths of understanding: axioms or self-evident truths; a priori judgments as principles - μ΄ν•΄μ˜ 즉각적 진리: 곡리 λ˜λŠ” 자λͺ…ν•œ 진리; μ›λ¦¬λ‘œμ„œμ˜ μ„ ν—˜μ  νŒλ‹¨
3) Constitutive and regulative principles: the maxims of reason - ꡬ성적 및 규제적 원리: μ΄μ„±μ˜ 격언듀

3. First principles or axioms in philosophy, science, dialectic - μ² ν•™, κ³Όν•™, λ³€μ¦λ²•μ—μ„œμ˜ 첫 원리 λ˜λŠ” 곡리듀

a. Principles and demonstration - 원칙과 μ‹œμ—°

1) The indcmonstrability of axioms: natural habits of the mind - 곡리의 증λͺ… λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯μ„±: 마음의 μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ μŠ΅κ΄€λ“€
2) The indirect defense of axioms - 곡리의 간접적 λ°©μ–΄
3) The dependence of demonstration on axioms: the critical application of the principles of identity and contradiction - 곡리듀에 λŒ€ν•œ 증λͺ…μ˜ μ˜μ‘΄μ„±: 동일성 원리와 λͺ¨μˆœ μ›λ¦¬μ˜ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 적용

b. Principles and induction: axioms as intuitive inductions from experience; stages of inductive generalization - 원리와 κ·€λ‚©: κ²½ν—˜μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ§κ΄€μ μœΌλ‘œ λ„μΆœλœ 곡리; 귀납적 μΌλ°˜ν™”μ˜ 단계듀

c. Axioms in relation to postulates, hypotheses, or assumptions - 곡리와 곡쀀, κ°€μ„€ λ˜λŠ” κ°€μ •κ³Όμ˜ 관계

1) The distinction between first principles in general, or common notions, and the principles of a particular subject matter or science - 일반적인 κ·Όλ³Έ 원리 λ˜λŠ” 곡톡 κ°œλ…κ³Ό νŠΉμ • μ£Όμ œλ‚˜ κ³Όν•™μ˜ 원리 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ ꡬ별
2) The difference between axioms and assumptions, hypotheses and principles, as a basis for the distinction between knowledge and opinion, or science and dialectic - 지식과 의견, λ˜λŠ” κ³Όν•™κ³Ό 변증법을 κ΅¬λΆ„ν•˜λŠ” κΈ°μ΄ˆλ‘œμ„œ 곡리와 κ°€μ •, κ°€μ„€κ³Ό μ›λ¦¬μ˜ 차이점
3) The distinction and order of the sciences according to the character of their principles - μ›λ¦¬μ˜ 성격에 λ”°λ₯Έ κ³Όν•™μ˜ ꡬ뢄과 μ§ˆμ„œ

4. First principles in the practical order: the principles of action or morality; the prin- ciples of the practical reason - μ‹€μ²œμ  μˆœμ„œμ˜ κ·Όλ³Έ 원리: ν–‰μœ„ λ˜λŠ” λ„λ•μ˜ 원리; μ‹€μ²œ μ΄μ„±μ˜ 원리

a. Ends as principles, and last ends as first principles: right appetite as a principle in the practical order - λͺ©μ μ€ μ›λ¦¬λ‘œμ„œ λλ‚˜κ³ , λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ λͺ©μ μ€ 첫 μ›λ¦¬λ‘œμ„œ λλ‚œλ‹€: μ‹€μ²œμ  μ§ˆμ„œμ—μ„œ μ›λ¦¬λ‘œμ„œμ˜ μ˜¬λ°”λ₯Έ μš•κ΅¬

b. The natural moral law and the categorical imperative - μžμ—° 도덕 법칙과 범주적 λͺ…λ Ή

5. The skeptical denial of first principles or axioms: the denial that any propositions elicit the universal assent of mankind - 첫 μ›λ¦¬λ‚˜ 곡리의 회의적 λΆ€μ •: μ–΄λ–€ λͺ…μ œλ„ 인λ₯˜μ˜ 보편적 λ™μ˜λ₯Ό μ΄λŒμ–΄λ‚΄μ§€ λͺ»ν•œλ‹€λŠ” λΆ€μ •