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  • [2025-04-24 Thu 23:21]

๊ด€๋ จ๋ฉ”ํƒ€

Principle ์›์น™

  • Principle - Link ์›์น™ - ๋งํฌ

Topics ์ฃผ์ œ

1. Principles in the order of reality - ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์›์น™๋“ค

a. The differentiation of principle, element, and cause - ์›๋ฆฌ, ์š”์†Œ, ์›์ธ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”

b. The being, number, and kinds of principles in the order of reality - ์‹ค์žฌ์˜ ์งˆ์„œ์—์„œ ์›๋ฆฌ์˜ ์กด์žฌ, ์ˆ˜, ์ข…๋ฅ˜

c. The metaphysical significance of the principles of thought - ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์›๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ˜•์ด์ƒํ•™์ ์ธ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ

2. The kinds of principles in the order of knowledge - ์ง€์‹์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์›์น™์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜

a. . The origin of knowledge in simple apprehensions - ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ธ์‹์—์„œ ์ง€์‹์˜ ๊ธฐ์›

1) Sensations or ideas as principles - ์›๋ฆฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ด€๋…
2) Definitions as principles - ์›๋ฆฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ •์˜
3) Indefinables as principles of definition - ์ •์˜์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ •์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค

b. Propositions or judgments as principles - ์›๋ฆฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ช…์ œ ๋˜๋Š” ํŒ๋‹จ

1) Immediate truths of perception: direct sensitive knowledge of appearances; evident particular facts - ์ง€๊ฐ์˜ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์  ์ง„๋ฆฌ: ์™ธ๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง์ ‘์  ๊ฐ๊ฐ์  ์ง€์‹; ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋“ค
2) Immediate truths of understanding: axioms or self-evident truths; a priori judgments as principles - ์ดํ•ด์˜ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์  ์ง„๋ฆฌ: ๊ณต๋ฆฌ ๋˜๋Š” ์ž๋ช…ํ•œ ์ง„๋ฆฌ; ์›๋ฆฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์„ ํ—˜์  ํŒ๋‹จ
3) Constitutive and regulative principles: the maxims of reason - ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์  ๋ฐ ๊ทœ์ œ์  ์›๋ฆฌ: ์ด์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฉ์–ธ๋“ค

3. First principles or axioms in philosophy, science, dialectic - ์ฒ ํ•™, ๊ณผํ•™, ๋ณ€์ฆ๋ฒ•์—์„œ์˜ ์ฒซ ์›๋ฆฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฆฌ๋“ค

a. Principles and demonstration - ์›์น™๊ณผ ์‹œ์—ฐ

1) The indcmonstrability of axioms: natural habits of the mind - ๊ณต๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฆ๋ช… ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ: ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์Šต๊ด€๋“ค
2) The indirect defense of axioms - ๊ณต๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์  ๋ฐฉ์–ด
3) The dependence of demonstration on axioms: the critical application of the principles of identity and contradiction - ๊ณต๋ฆฌ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ๋ช…์˜ ์˜์กด์„ฑ: ๋™์ผ์„ฑ ์›๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋ชจ์ˆœ ์›๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์šฉ

b. Principles and induction: axioms as intuitive inductions from experience; stages of inductive generalization - ์›๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ท€๋‚ฉ: ๊ฒฝํ—˜์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ถœ๋œ ๊ณต๋ฆฌ; ๊ท€๋‚ฉ์  ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋“ค

c. Axioms in relation to postulates, hypotheses, or assumptions - ๊ณต๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ณต์ค€, ๊ฐ€์„ค ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„

1) The distinction between first principles in general, or common notions, and the principles of a particular subject matter or science - ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ทผ๋ณธ ์›๋ฆฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ํŠน์ • ์ฃผ์ œ๋‚˜ ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„
2) The difference between axioms and assumptions, hypotheses and principles, as a basis for the distinction between knowledge and opinion, or science and dialectic - ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ์˜๊ฒฌ, ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ๋ณ€์ฆ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœ์„œ ๊ณต๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฐ€์ •, ๊ฐ€์„ค๊ณผ ์›๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ 
3) The distinction and order of the sciences according to the character of their principles - ์›๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์งˆ์„œ

4. First principles in the practical order: the principles of action or morality; the prin- ciples of the practical reason - ์‹ค์ฒœ์  ์ˆœ์„œ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ ์›๋ฆฌ: ํ–‰์œ„ ๋˜๋Š” ๋„๋•์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ; ์‹ค์ฒœ ์ด์„ฑ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ

a. Ends as principles, and last ends as first principles: right appetite as a principle in the practical order - ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์›๋ฆฌ๋กœ์„œ ๋๋‚˜๊ณ , ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ฒซ ์›๋ฆฌ๋กœ์„œ ๋๋‚œ๋‹ค: ์‹ค์ฒœ์  ์งˆ์„œ์—์„œ ์›๋ฆฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์š•๊ตฌ

b. The natural moral law and the categorical imperative - ์ž์—ฐ ๋„๋• ๋ฒ•์น™๊ณผ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์  ๋ช…๋ น

5. The skeptical denial of first principles or axioms: the denial that any propositions elicit the universal assent of mankind - ์ฒซ ์›๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณต๋ฆฌ์˜ ํšŒ์˜์  ๋ถ€์ •: ์–ด๋–ค ๋ช…์ œ๋„ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์  ๋™์˜๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •