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  • [2025-04-24 Thu 23:23]

DONE Punishment ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ

  • Punishment - Link ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ - ๋งํฌ

See also: ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณด๊ธฐ:

  • reward (human) ๋ณด์ƒ (์ธ๊ฐ„)
  • outcome (cognition) ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ (์ธ์ง€)

Topics ์ฃผ์ œ

1. The general theory of punishment - ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ด๋ก 

a. The nature of punishment: the pain of sense and the pain of loss - ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ: ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต๊ณผ ์ƒ์‹ค์˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต

b. The retributive purpose of punishment: the lex talioni$\\ retaliation and revenge; the righting of a wrong - ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์˜ ๋ณด๋ณต์  ๋ชฉ์ : ๋ ‰์Šค ํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋‹ˆ(๋ณต์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ณด๋ณต); ์ž˜๋ชป์„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ์žก์Œ

c. Punishment for the sake of reforming the wrongdoer - ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐœํ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ

d. The preventive use of punishment: the deterrence of wrongdoing - ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์  ์‚ฌ์šฉ: ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ์–ต์ œ

2. Personal responsibility as a condition of just punishment: the problem of collective responsibility - ์ •๋‹นํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ฑ…์ž„: ์ง‘๋‹จ ์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

a. Free will in relation to responsibility and punishment: voluntariness in relation to guilt or fault; the accidental, the negligent, and the intentional - ์ฑ…์ž„๊ณผ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ž์œ  ์˜์ง€: ์ฃ„์ฑ…๊ฐ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์‹ค๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ž๋ฐœ์„ฑ; ์šฐ๋ฐœ์ , ๊ณผ์‹ค์ , ๊ณ ์˜์  ํ–‰์œ„

b. Sanity, maturity, and moral competence in relation to responsibility - ์ฑ…์ž„๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ, ์„ฑ์ˆ™์„ฑ, ๋„๋•์  ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰

3. Punishment in relation to virtue and vice - ๋ฏธ๋•๊ณผ ์•…๋•๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ

a. Rewards and punishments as factors in the formation of moral character - ๋„๋•์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋ณด์ƒ๊ณผ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์˜ ์—ญํ• 

b. Vice its own punishment - ์•…๋•์€ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ๋ฒŒ์ด๋‹ค

c. Guilt, repentance, and the moral need for punishment - ์ฃ„์ฑ…๊ฐ, ํšŒ๊ฐœ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋„๋•์  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ

4. Crime and punishment: punishment as a political instrument - ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์™€ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ: ์ •์น˜์  ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ

a. Punishment for lawbreaking as a necessary sanction of law - ๋ฒ• ์œ„๋ฐ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์€ ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์ œ์žฌ์ด๋‹ค

b. The forms of punishment available to the state - ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ

1) The death penalty: its justification - ์‚ฌํ˜•: ๊ทธ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ
2) Exile or ostracism: imprisonment or incarceration - ์ถ”๋ฐฉ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์ฒ™: ํˆฌ์˜ฅ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ธˆ
3) Enforced labor or enslavement - ๊ฐ•์ œ ๋…ธ๋™ ๋˜๋Š” ๋…ธ์˜ˆํ™”
4) Torture: cruel and unusual punishments - ๊ณ ๋ฌธ: ์ž”์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ก€์ ์ธ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ

d. Grades of severity in punishment: making the punishment fit the crime - ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์˜ ์—„๊ฒฉ๋„ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰: ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์— ๋งž๋Š” ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์„ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜๊ธฐ

5. The punishment for sin - ์ฃ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ

a. The origin and fulfillment of curses - ์ €์ฃผ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์›๊ณผ ์„ฑ์ทจ

b. The wages of sin: the punishment of original sin - ์ฃ„์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€: ์›์ฃ„์˜ ํ˜•๋ฒŒ

c. The pain of remorse and the torment of conscience: the atonement for sin - ํ›„ํšŒ์˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต๊ณผ ์–‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ: ์ฃ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†์ฃ„

d. The modes of divine punishment: here and hereafter, temporal and eternal - ์‹ ์„ฑํ•œ ํ˜•๋ฒŒ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹: ์ด ์„ธ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋‚ด์„ธ, ์ผ์‹œ์  ํ˜•๋ฒŒ๊ณผ ์˜์›ํ•œ ํ˜•๋ฒŒ

e. The justice of divine punishment - ์‹ ์„ฑํ•œ ํ˜•๋ฒŒ์˜ ์ •์˜

1) The justification of eternal suffering in Hell or Hades - ์ง€์˜ฅ ๋˜๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฐ์Šค์—์„œ์˜ ์˜์›ํ•œ ๊ณ ํ†ต์˜ ์ •๋‹นํ™”
2) The necessity of expiation in Purgatory - ์—ฐ์˜ฅ์—์„œ์˜ ์†์ฃ„์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ

6. Pathological motivations with respect to punishment: abnormal sense of sin or guilt; perverse desires to inflict or suffer punishment - ํ˜•๋ฒŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์  ๋™๊ธฐ: ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ฃ„์ฑ…๊ฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์ฃ„์˜์‹; ํ˜•๋ฒŒ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ์™œ๊ณก๋œ ์š•๋ง