1. The general theory of punishment - ์ฒ๋ฒ์ ์ผ๋ฐ ์ด๋ก
a. The nature of punishment: the pain of sense and the pain of loss - ์ฒ๋ฒ์ ๋ณธ์ง: ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ๊ณ ํต๊ณผ ์์ค์ ๊ณ ํต
b. The retributive purpose of punishment: the lex talioni$\\ retaliation and revenge; the righting of a wrong - ์ฒ๋ฒ์ ๋ณด๋ณต์ ๋ชฉ์ : ๋ ์ค ํ๋ฆฌ์ค๋(๋ณต์์ ๋ณด๋ณต); ์๋ชป์ ๋ฐ๋ก์ก์
c. Punishment for the sake of reforming the wrongdoer - ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฅผ ๊ฐํํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ฒ๋ฒ
d. The preventive use of punishment: the deterrence of wrongdoing - ์ฒ๋ฒ์ ์๋ฐฉ์ ์ฌ์ฉ: ๋ฒ์ฃ ์ต์
2. Personal responsibility as a condition of just punishment: the problem of collective responsibility - ์ ๋นํ ์ฒ๋ฒ์ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ผ๋ก์์ ๊ฐ์ธ ์ฑ ์: ์ง๋จ ์ฑ ์์ ๋ฌธ์
a. Free will in relation to responsibility and punishment: voluntariness in relation to guilt or fault; the accidental, the negligent, and the intentional - ์ฑ ์๊ณผ ์ฒ๋ฒ์ ๊ดํ ์์ ์์ง: ์ฃ์ฑ ๊ฐ ๋๋ ๊ณผ์ค๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์๋ฐ์ฑ; ์ฐ๋ฐ์ , ๊ณผ์ค์ , ๊ณ ์์ ํ์
b. Sanity, maturity, and moral competence in relation to responsibility - ์ฑ ์๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ๊ฑด์ ์ฑ, ์ฑ์์ฑ, ๋๋์ ์ญ๋
3. Punishment in relation to virtue and vice - ๋ฏธ๋๊ณผ ์ ๋๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ฒ๋ฒ
a. Rewards and punishments as factors in the formation of moral character - ๋๋์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ ํ์ฑ์ ์์ด ๋ณด์๊ณผ ์ฒ๋ฒ์ ์ญํ
b. Vice its own punishment - ์ ๋์ ๊ทธ ์์ฒด๋ก ๋ฒ์ด๋ค
c. Guilt, repentance, and the moral need for punishment - ์ฃ์ฑ ๊ฐ, ํ๊ฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ฒ๋ฒ์ ๋ํ ๋๋์ ํ์์ฑ
4. Crime and punishment: punishment as a political instrument - ๋ฒ์ฃ์ ์ฒ๋ฒ: ์ ์น์ ์๋จ์ผ๋ก์์ ์ฒ๋ฒ
a. Punishment for lawbreaking as a necessary sanction of law - ๋ฒ ์๋ฐ์ ๋ํ ์ฒ๋ฒ์ ๋ฒ์ ํ์์ ์ธ ์ ์ฌ์ด๋ค
b. The forms of punishment available to the state - ๊ตญ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ ์ฒ๋ฒ์ ํํ
1) The death penalty: its justification - ์ฌํ: ๊ทธ ์ ๋น์ฑ
2) Exile or ostracism: imprisonment or incarceration - ์ถ๋ฐฉ ๋๋ ๋ฐฐ์ฒ: ํฌ์ฅ ๋๋ ๊ตฌ๊ธ
c. The justice of legal punishment: the conventionality of the punishments deter- mined by positive law - ๋ฒ์ ์ฒ๋ฒ์ ์ ์: ์ค์ ๋ฒ์ ์ํด ๊ฒฐ์ ๋ ์ฒ๋ฒ์ ๊ด์ต์ฑ
d. Grades of severity in punishment: making the punishment fit the crime - ์ฒ๋ฒ์ ์๊ฒฉ๋ ๋ฑ๊ธ: ๋ฒ์ฃ์ ๋ง๋ ์ฒ๋ฒ์ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๊ธฐ
5. The punishment for sin - ์ฃ์ ๋ํ ์ฒ๋ฒ
a. The origin and fulfillment of curses - ์ ์ฃผ๋ค์ ๊ธฐ์๊ณผ ์ฑ์ทจ
b. The wages of sin: the punishment of original sin - ์ฃ์ ๋๊ฐ: ์์ฃ์ ํ๋ฒ
c. The pain of remorse and the torment of conscience: the atonement for sin - ํํ์ ๊ณ ํต๊ณผ ์์ฌ์ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ: ์ฃ์ ๋ํ ์์ฃ
d. The modes of divine punishment: here and hereafter, temporal and eternal - ์ ์ฑํ ํ๋ฒ์ ๋ฐฉ์: ์ด ์ธ์๊ณผ ๋ด์ธ, ์ผ์์ ํ๋ฒ๊ณผ ์์ํ ํ๋ฒ
e. The justice of divine punishment - ์ ์ฑํ ํ๋ฒ์ ์ ์
1) The justification of eternal suffering in Hell or Hades - ์ง์ฅ ๋๋ ํ๋ฐ์ค์์์ ์์ํ ๊ณ ํต์ ์ ๋นํ
2) The necessity of expiation in Purgatory - ์ฐ์ฅ์์์ ์์ฃ์ ํ์์ฑ
6. Pathological motivations with respect to punishment: abnormal sense of sin or guilt; perverse desires to inflict or suffer punishment - ํ๋ฒ์ ๊ดํ ๋ณ๋ฆฌํ์ ๋๊ธฐ: ๋น์ ์์ ์ธ ์ฃ์ฑ ๊ฐ ๋๋ ์ฃ์์; ํ๋ฒ์ ๊ฐํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ ค๋ ์๊ณก๋ ์๋ง